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Alice’s Adventures in the Wonderland starts with a story of a little girl. Many of us know the story, and one reason it became so popular among adults as well is its playful use of logic and...

Data minimization principle requires organizations to collect only what is necessary for a clearly defined purpose, as established in the GDPR Article 5(1)(c). In assessment contexts, data ...

Even if we were not a human society but a flock of birds or a pride of lions, we would still need justice. From its instinctive origins, the concept of justice has evolved. In the modern wor...

In digital learning and assessment environments, data of children requires a higher standard of care than ordinary commercial data. In most privacy frameworks, a child is generally defined a...

In the past, a student who could correctly solve a mathematical formula was considered successful. Today, the same student is expected to go beyond calculation, to critically analyse its rel...

Twenty years ago, when technology-based testing was still finding its footing, the conversation was mostly about delivery. Could we move from paper to screen? Could we scale? Could we score ...

Founded in 1975, the International Association for Educational Assessment (IAEA) is a global non-profit, non-governmental association of educational assessment organizations. It provides a w...

Early childhood education which spans from pre-school to low-mid elementary education lays the foundation for later academic achievement, socio-emotional development, and lifelong learning. ...

The importance of teachers’ assessment literacy was first formally articulated in the Standards for Teacher Competence in Educational Assessment of Students (American Federation of Teachers ...